汉语大全>九年级英语教案>初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习4

初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习4

详细内容

e good friends. 他们在运动场上进行一场比赛之后,常常变成了好朋友。
[注]:说“比赛”, 在英国通常用match,在美国通常用game.另外game 的复数形式一般指大型的国际比赛或综合性体育运动会。如:the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会。
Ⅱ.match 表示相互间正式的体育比赛、球类比赛,英国人常用。
①They are going to have a volleyball match.他们将进行一场排球赛。
Ⅲ. race 主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。如:
①Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4?谁能赢这场接力赛,三班还是四班?
Ⅳ. sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,跳高,游泳,钓鱼,打猎,赛马和拳术等。如:
①Swimming is his favourite sport.游泳是他最喜欢的运动项目。
②Skating is one of the winter sports. 滑冰是一个冬季运动项目。
[注]复数形式sports可指运动会。如:
③He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports.在我们学校的运动会上,他创造了跳高新纪录。
§200gift/ present
Ⅰ.gift“礼物”指较正式的礼物。如:
The watch was a gift from his father.
Ⅱ.present往往与gift通用,但不如gift正式。如:
①I’m buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我买这东西是作礼物送人的,请你包扎得好一点。
②He gave me the book as a present. 他给我这本书作为礼物。
§201grow / keep / raise / plant
Ⅰ. grow & plant 都可表示“种植”如种植草、树、苗、花卉粮食等植物。grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。
plant 着重指“种植”这一行为。某人plant a tree 之后,树是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过程。如:
① The students are planting trees on the hill. 学生们正在山坡上栽树。(不用grow)
② The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植小麦。(不用plant)
③ People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南种植香蕉。(不用plant)
Ⅱ. keep 表“赡养”后可接表人或动物的名词,不用来代替plant 或grow. 如:
①He has a wife and three children to keep. 他要养活妻子和三个孩子。
②My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。
③My uncle has a large family to keep. 我叔叔要养活一大家人。
Ⅲ. raise 除表“饲养(动物)”以外,还可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如:
①We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。
②My grandma raised a family of five. 我祖母养育了五口之家。
③Where were you raised ? 你在哪儿长大?
④He raised some flowers in the back garden. 他在后园里种了一些花。
[注]:raise 强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。如:
① Let’s grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱们在园子里种些花吧。
②We grow rice, wheat and cotton in my hometown.在家乡,我们种植水稻、小麦和棉花。(不宜用raise)
§202 glad/ happy/merry/ pleased
这组形容词都有:“高兴、快乐”之意。
Ⅰ.glad 多用在与人见面时的客套语中,指使人感到:情绪上有短暂的喜悦,常用作表语,一般情况下不作定语。如:
①I’m glad to help you with your English. 我很高兴帮你学英语。
Ⅱ.happy指使人感到内心的满足、幸福和愉快,祝贺新年或庆贺生日时常用到它,可用作表语和定语。如:
①Happy New Year! 新年好!
②I’ll be happy to meet him. 我将高兴地与他见面。
Ⅲ.pleased 意为:“对……感到满意/高兴”常与be连用,后面接介词with(sb), at(sth) 等引起的短语,或不定式;pleased 通常不作定语。如:
①He is pleased with his new job. 他对他的新工作很满意。
②She was very much pleased at the news. 她听到这个消息非常满意。
[注意]:以下结构可互换:
be
Ⅳ.merry 除“高兴”之外,还有耳目可以感到的“热闹”,一般只作定语。如:
Merry Christmas!祝
§203 go / walk
Ⅰ. go 指朝着一定地点的方向运动。如:
①We go to school at seven in the morning.
②Please go downstairs to have lunch.
③此外,go的主语还可以是动物、交通工具和机械等。如:
My watch goes fast.我的表走快了。
The train goes to Beijing. 火车开往北京。
Ⅱ. walk 指朝着一定地点或无目的地“走”,常译为“步行、散步”如:
①He often walks after supper. 饭后他经常散步。
②They are walking along the river. 他们正沿着河岸走。
③Let’s go out for a walk. 我?出去散步吧。
§204 go on with sth/ go on doing sth/
go on to do sth
Ⅰ. go on doing sth,“(停顿以后)继续做某事”;“不停地做某事”即做原来在做的事情。如:
①Now let’s go on writing. 我们继续往下写。
②It’s raining, but the farmers went on working( = kept on working) in the fields. 天在下雨,然而农民?还在地里我停地干活。
Ⅱ. go on with sth 表示:“间断后做原来没有做完的事”后面跟名词,不能接动词-ing 形式。如:
①After a rest, they went on with the work. 休息以后,他们继续劳动。
Ⅲ. go on to do sth. 指“接着做另一件事”,即接下来做与原来不同人事情。如:
①That’s all for the text. Now let’s go on to learn the grammer. 课文就到这里,现在我们接着学语法。
②He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way. 他接着教我们如何用另一种方法翻译这个句子。

§205 go to bed/ go to sleep/ sleep/ be(fall) asleep
Ⅰ. go to bed 指“就寝”, 只表示“上床去睡”这一动作,无“睡着”之意。是终止性动词。它的对应词 是get up “起床”
Ⅱ.in bed 表示一种状态,在句中常作表语,意为“躺在床上,睡着”。其中in不能用on 替换。
Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:“入睡、睡着”,强调进入梦乡的过程。“开始睡觉”,即:being to sleep.如:
①I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。
Ⅳ. fall asleep意为“睡着”表示一个动作的过程,侧重于“自然而然地入睡”,有时也含有“不想入睡而入睡”之意;be asleep“熟睡”,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。
Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表“睡着”“睡眠”,是可持续性的动词。
Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如:
①The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。
②Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗?
§206 good/ fine/ nice/ well
Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表“好的质量”,“好的品质”。等意思。如:
①Lucy is a good girl.
②These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。
Ⅱ. fine 侧重于“质量的精细”, “身体健康”,还可以表示“天气晴朗”等。如:
①This is a fine house.
②How are you? I’m fine, thank you.
③It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。
Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悦于人的感觉。也可指“(对人)友好和蔼”如:
①It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。
②It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。
③They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。
Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得“好”,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如:
①Well done! 干得好!
②I’m well. 我好了。

§207 grow/ increase
Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意“增长”。如:
①The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。
Ⅱ.grow还有“生长,发育”的意思。如:
①The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。
Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。
grow种植,栽 如:
①Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。
increase增加、增长 如:
①They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。
Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为“增加、增长”。如:
①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。
§208 hand in/ turn in
Ⅰ. hand in “传递、交给”。指交作业等。如:
The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。
Ⅱ. turn in “上交、交出”。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如:
①You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。
②You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。
§209 hands up/ put up one's hand
Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! “举起手来!”如:
① “Hands up, or I’ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “举起手来,不然我开枪了。”警察命令抢劫犯。
Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:
①Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。
②Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。
§210 happen/ take place/ our
都有“发生”之意
Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:“(某人)发生了什么事――happen to sb”,或 “(某物)发生了什么情况――happen to sth”。其主语通常由 aident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示“碰巧发生某事,――happen to do sth.”如:
①What has happened? 发生什么事了?¬¬¬¬¬¬???¬
②What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?
③It happened through your negligence. 这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。
④He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。
⑤ I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。
Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:“运动、活动、会议等”的名词。如:
①The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。
②The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。
③Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。
Ⅲ. our[ә`kә:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。
①When did the aident our? 那事故是什么时候发生的?
②Don’t let the mistake our again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。
§211 hare/ rabbit
Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如:
①That is a hare. 那是只野兔。
Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如
①I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。
②He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。
§212 harm/ hurt
Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有“伤害”之意,但二者有区别:
harm 用面较广,往往暗示“不良的后果”, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。
hurt 往往暗示“肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快”其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。
① The nose of machines harmed their hearing.
机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。
② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。
§213 have been to / have been in / have gone to
Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如:
①Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京)
②I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?
Ⅱ. have been in 表示:“去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。
①She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.
Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:“去了”指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:
①Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。
②She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。
§214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep
Ⅰ. have sth done “让某事被做”如:
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。
Ⅱ. have sh done。“让某人被……”如:
He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打)
Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “让某人做某事”如:
I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。
Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如:
①Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生?学习。
②They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。
Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:
①The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。
②Have her here! 让她到这儿来。
§215 have to / must
Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如:
①Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?
②It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。
Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如:
①We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
②We must go. 我必须去。
§216 have/ own
Ⅰ. have “有”表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的“所有;所属”的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如:
①I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。
②Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?
Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调“(合法地)拥有”某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:
①I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。
②Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的?
§217 head/ brains
Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的“头”。如:
Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。
Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的“脑力、智力”。
[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。
§218 hear/ hear of/ hear from
Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力,强调听的结果。如:
①I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.
Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如:
①We are all glad to hear of your suess. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。
②Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗?
Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信(电话等)”如:
①Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。
②We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。
§219 hear/ listen
Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如:
①Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?
②I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如:
①Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?
②We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。
§220 heaven/ sky
Ⅰ. heaven “天、天国、天堂”与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:
①The mune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。
②He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。
Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如:
①There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。
②Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies.
为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。 (毛泽东)
§221 high/ tall
Ⅰ. high “高(的)”,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:
①That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。
②He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。
Ⅱ. tall “高的”,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如:
①She is rather tall. 她相当高。
②We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。
§222 hill/ mountain
Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如:
①I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。
②The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。
Ⅱ. mountain “高山”,比hill大。如:
①We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。
②He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。
§223 help with / help…with.
Ⅰ. help with “帮助”后面直接跟名词。如:
①Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。
②The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。
Ⅱ. help …with. “帮助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如:
①May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?
②My father used to help me with my lessons.父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。
§224 human being/ man / person/ people
Ⅰ. human being “人类”,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如:
There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes. 那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。
Ⅱ. man “人类”,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:
Man must make the earth support more people. 人类必须使地球养活更多的人。
Ⅲ. person. “人”着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如:
There are only three persons in the room. 房间里只有三个人。
Ⅳ. people “人”是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为“民族”之意。如:
①Most people think so 大多数人这样想。
②There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我国有50多个民族。
§225 hanged / hung
这两个词都是hang的过去分词。
Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作“上吊;绞死”时的过去时和过去分词。
①The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。
②He hanged himself from a beam in the attic. 他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。
Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作“悬挂;下垂”等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:
①She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree.她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。
②He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。
§226 hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to
Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副词。“赶快、快点、加紧”之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定结构,偶而用于否定结构时,up可省。如:
①Hurry up! There is not enough time. 赶快!时间不够了。
②Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 别着急。还有时间。
Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副词。“匆匆离去”无催促之意。如:
①Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句话不说就匆匆走了。
②With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.说完这话,那妇人匆匆离去。
Ⅲ. hurry to 是短语动词。to 介词。“匆匆去某地”如:
①He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry.
Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介词短语。“匆忙地(地)”,“慌忙地(的)”
①She dressed herself for the party in a hurry. 她为参加联欢会而匆忙地换穿衣服。
②You are always in a hurry. 你总是匆匆忙忙地。
§227 hurt/ injure/ wound
Ⅰ.hurt的意思是“使受伤、使疼痛、使伤心、伤害”,它是普通用语,可以表示使肉体受伤或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到伤害。如:
①He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到时伤了背部。
②My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me). 我的鞋太紧,使我的脚感到痛。
③That’ll hurt her feelings. 那会伤她的感情。
Ⅱ.injure的意思是“伤害、损害”,指损害一个人的外表、健康、完好的东西(如自尊心、名誉、成就)等。如:
①He injured an arm in a car aident. 他在一次车祸中伤了一只手臂。
②You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸烟太多,有伤身体。
③This injured his pride. 这伤了他的自尊心。
Ⅲ.wound的意思是“受伤、伤害”,通常指因外来的暴力使身体受伤,尤指在战争中或遭袭击受伤。它也可以指精神上受创伤。如:
①Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵阵亡,三十名受伤。
②The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 枪弹打伤了他的肩膀。
③He felt wounded in his honour. 他觉得他的名誉受到了伤害。
§228 if/ whether
Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:
⑤I don’t know if / whether he’ll e tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。
Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether:
1.正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:
I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。
2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:
Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。
3. 作介词宾语时,如:
I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。
4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:
Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not.李雷还未决定去还是不去。
5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:
They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。
6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:
Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。
Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为“如果”引导条件状语从句;而whether另有“不管,无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。如:
①I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。
②Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。
§229 ill/ sick
Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如:
①She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。
②He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。
Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:
①He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。
Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:
①He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。
②His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。
§230 in / after/ later
都有“在……之后”的意思,区别在于:
Ⅰ.in是介词,用来表示从现在算起的“过一段时间以后”,常于将来时态的肯定句中,一般与go, e, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如:I’ll e and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。
Ⅱ.after是介词,用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后,谓语动词可用于过去时,也可用将来时。如:
①He will arrive after four o’clock. 他将在四点以后到达。
②She said she would be back after five o’clock.
[注] 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。
after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后,谓语动词用过去时,不能用将来时。如:Lucy started after two days. [注] 此时应为段时间名词。
Ⅲ.later是副词,不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后,要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如:
①I shall call on Mr Li on May 1st and shall call again about a week later. 五月一日我将拜访李先生,大约一星期之后我再来拜访。
②I shall call again later.
[注] later只能放在段时间名词之后。
§231 in / of
均可用来表比较范围。
Ⅰ.of 表“属性”,意为“在同类中,最……”
Ⅰ.in表“在……内”,意指“在某地或某范围之中最……”,其后接表地点或组织、机构等的名词,与比较对象不属同一范畴。如:
①Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys.
②Li Lei is the tallest in our class.
§232 in the future/in future
这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思,但含义上有区别。
Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如:
①You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。
②He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。
Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如:
①Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?
②In the furture travel agencies may be anizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。
[注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。
§233 in time/on time
Ⅰ.in time“及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。
Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:
①Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。
②They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。
③Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗?
④You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。
§234 in/ on/ to
Ⅰ.in 表示“在某范围之内”,如:
①In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night.
②Beijing is in the north of China.
Ⅱ.on 表示“两地接壤”。如:
①Tianjin is on the north of Beijing.
②Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong.
Ⅲ.to 表示“在某范围之外,两地不接壤”。如:
①There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River.
②Japan is to the east of China.
§235 increase by/ increase to
Ⅰ.“increase by + 倍数或百分数”,表示“增加了。。。。。。倍/百分之”。“inctease to + 具体的增长后的数字”,表示“增加到了。。。。。。”。如:
① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent. 这个镇的人口增长了5%。
② The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。
Ⅱ.表示“在。。。。。。方面增长”用in 来引导的短语。如:
①It has increase 30 percent in price. 它的价格增长了30%。
②Its members are increasing in number.它的成员数量正在增加。
③The country is fast increasing in population. 这个国家人口增长很快。
§236 indeed/ really
Ⅰ.indeed的意思是“真的、的确”,多用以肯定或证实人家所说的话,或加强自己说话的肯定语气,如:
① -----It’s a difficult problem. 这是一个困难的问题。
-----Indeed it is. 的确如此。
② We were indeed very glad to hear the news.听到这消息我们真高兴。
④Thank you very much indeed. 真感谢你。
Ⅱ.really 的意思是“真的、真正、的确”,指和事实或现实不相违背,用以表示肯定人家所说的是实话,希望人家说实话或强调自己说的是实话。它有时还用以表示对人家所说的话感到惊讶、生气、怀疑等。如:
① -----He is a good student. 他是一个好学生。
-----Really. 的确是。
② It was really not my fault. 那的确不是我的错。
③Do you really wish to go? 你真的想去吗?
④------We’re going to Qingdao this summer. 今年夏天我们要去青岛。
------Oh, really? 啊,真的吗?

§237 interest/ interesting/ interested
Ⅰ.interest. n. “兴趣;趣味”v. “使(人)产生兴趣”
①What you said interests me. 你的话引起了我的兴趣。
②He shows an interest in music.他对音乐感兴趣。
Ⅱ.interesting. adj. “有趣的;引起兴趣的”可作表语或定语,指物或人本身能引起兴趣。如:
③The film is very interesting. 电影非常有趣。
④He is an interesting man. 他是一个有趣的人。
Ⅲ.interested是动词interest 加ed 构成的形容词,意为“感兴趣的”,其主语一般指人。
常构成短语: interested in , 如:
⑤ When he was only a child, he got interested in science.当他仅是一个孩子时,他就对科学产生了兴趣。
§238 job/ work
两者均表示“工作”,后者(work)含义更广,为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词;前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种,为可数名词。如:
①I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。
②The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。
§239 join / join in / take part in
Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等, 指成为其中的成员。如:
①My uncle joined the Party in 1989.
②We are going for a swim .Will you e and join us.我们要去游泳,你和我们一起去好吗?
Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动,后接名词或动词的ing 形式,表“参加某人的活动”可以说:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如:
①He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。
②Will you join us in playing basketball?你跟我们一起打篮球好吗?
Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动,重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如:
①The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday.昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。
②When will you take part in the meeting? 你将在什么时候参加会议?
[注意]:join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如:
Let me join in. 让我参加吧。
§240 journey/ trip/ voyage/ tour/ travel
Ⅰ. journey “旅游” 着重指:从甲地到乙地所走的路程和花费的时间。多指陆路“旅游”用英语可解释为:a trip of some distance usually by land.
Ⅱ. travel “旅行、游历”多指到世界各地的活动,国与国之间旅行,(没有回到原出发地的含义)表某次具体的旅行时,常用复数。英译为:the activity of moving about the world.
①On his doctor’s advice, he went on his travels. 遵照医生的意见,他出发旅行了。
②He came home after years of foreign travel.
Ⅲ. trip 多指带有特殊目的或定期的旅行,为了高兴进行的较短距离的,旅游或远足。
①We’ll make a trip on Sunday.
②He came back from a trip. 他旅归来。
Ⅳ. tour “周游、旅游、观光、游览”等,多指不同地点的漫游或短途旅行参观。通常是回到原出发地点时就意味着旅行结束。英译:a journey during which several places of interest are visited; a short trip to or through a place on order to see it. 如:
①I’m going to set out on a walking tour.我即将动身去徒步旅行。
②He has gone for a tour in Europe.
Ⅴ. voyage 多指较长距离的水上航行,但也指空中航行。
①He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao. 他从上海航行到青岛。
②They made a voyage to France by air.他们乘飞机到法国。
§241 known as / known by / known for/ known to
Ⅰ. known as “作为…而出名”;“被称作…”,as后面的宾语与句子主语是同位的。如:
①Gee is known as a suessful banker. 乔治作为成功的银行家而出名。
②The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫长陵修建于是5世纪。
Ⅱ. known by “凭……来判断或认识”一般不太常用,多出现在某些谚语中。如:
①A man is known by the pany he keeps. (谚)见其友,知其人。
Ⅲ. known for “因……而出名”,for后面多接表示特征、品质之类的词。如:
①Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries. 桂林因风景优美而闻名。
②He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。
Ⅳ. known to “为……所知的”,to后面常接表示人的名词或代词。如:
①She is known to everyone in the college.  他在学院里人人皆知。
②The usage of that word is known to us all. 这个词的用法我们人人皆知。
§242 keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sth
Ⅰ.keep doing sth 表示“继续(不断)地做某事”指无停顿或停顿较短。或后接表静态的动词。如:sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。
He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving.他一动不动地在那儿站了半个小时。
Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表经过一段时间的间隙后“继续做同一件事”后可接表动态的词。如walk, write talk 等。还暗指不顾困难、反对、警告而“坚持”做某事。
They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.虽然天正在下雨,他们还是继续在田里干活。
Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth. “使某人处于某种状态”
Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整个一节课, 我们的语文老师都让我们自己看书。
Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. “阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事”如:
①The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous. 危险的时候,这位警察阻止了孩子们过马路。
②Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 当心!防止玻璃掉到地板上。
Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth与上同意,但较正式,隐含预防之意。From在被动语态中不可省。如:
In many countries, laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water. 许多国家已制定法律来制止工厂排放有毒的气体和污水。
Ⅵ,stop……from doing sth. 与上可代换。它常指现场的具体行为。如:
The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street. 警察制止孩子们在街上踢球。
§243 kill/ murder/ slaughter
Ⅰ.kill的意思是“杀”,是普通用语,不限于用刀杀人,而可指用任何办法把人或动物弄死。如:
①He was killed. 他被杀死了。
②He was killed in a train aident. 他在一次火车事故中死亡。
③They killed animals for food. 他们宰杀动物为食。
Ⅱ.murder的意思是“谋杀”,指非法地、存心不良地或有预谋地杀人。如:
They murdered a revolutionary. 他们谋害了一个革命者。
Ⅲ.slaughter的意思是“屠杀”,指大批地、残酷地杀人,也可指屠宰动物。如:
Old men, woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered. 老人、妇女和孩子们都遭到残酷的屠杀。
§244 kind/ sort
Ⅰ.kind表示种类的意思时,指属于同种类的东西。如:
This is a new kind of machine. 这是一种新式机器。
What kind of man is he? 他是怎样的人?
Ⅱ.sort的意思也是“种类”,指大体相似的东西。在语言实践中,这两个词常被毫无区别地使用着,不过,当表示带有轻蔑的意味时,多用sort。如:
①What sort of book do you want? 你需要哪一种书?
②I’ll never do this sort of thing. 我决不会干这种事。
③What sort of people go there? 什么样的人到那儿去?
§245 know/ know about/ know of
Ⅰ. know “知道”;“了解”。侧重直接性。如:
①I know her very well. 我很了解她。
②I don’t know his current address. 我不知道他目前的地址。
Ⅱ. know about “知道知道关于……的情况”。
①I happened to know about him. 我碰巧了解他的情况。
②I don’t know about that matter. 我不知道那件事。
Ⅲ. know of “知道有……”;“听说过……”,侧重间接性。
①I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有那么个镇子,但从未去过那里。
②I don’t know Mark, but I know of him. 我不认识马克,但我听说过他。
§246 know/ recognize
Ⅰ.know表示认识的意思时,可以表示认识或熟悉某人,也可以只表示认识某人是谁(即认得某人是个什么样子)。它不仅可以用于人,还可以用于地方等。如:
①Do you know him? 你认识他吗?
②I have known him for more than ten years. 我认识他有十多年了。
③I know him by sight but have never spoken to him. 我认识他是谁,但从没有和他谈过话。
④He knows the city thotoughly. 他很熟悉那个城市。
Ⅱ. recognize表示认识的意思时,表示能认出曾经见过或原来认识的人或物。如:
①Do you recognize him? 你认得他是谁吗?
②I did not recognize him at once. 我一下子都认不得他了。
③When he came back to Nanjing, he hardly recognized the city. 当他回到南京时,他几乎认不得这个城市了。
§247 lay / lie
这两个词常易混淆,主要是因为两者的意义及它们的过去式和分词形式极易混淆。
Ⅰ.lay通常用作及物动词,意为“摆、放、下蛋或产卵”等,过去式、过去分词和现在分词分别为laid, laid, laying。如:
①He laid the papers on the desk and then went out. 他把文件放在桌上,然后出去了。
②They were laying the foundation of the house. 他们在给房子打地基。
③The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ s.杜鹃在别的鸟巢中产卵。
Ⅱ.lie一般作不及物动词用,作“躺;平放”解时,其过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;作“撒谎”解时,其过去式和过去分词均为lied,现在分词均为lying 。如:
①She lay on the beach all morning. 她整个上午都躺在沙滩上。
②How long has he lain there like that? 他像那样躺在那儿有多久了?
③He lied to me. 他对我撒了谎。
§248 learn/ study
Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲,有时可以互换使用。
①He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。
Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能,侧重学习的成果,有“学会、学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习,含有努力去学的意味,它侧重学习的过程,有“研究、钻研”的意思。如:
①He studied hard and finally learned the language.他努力学习,终于学会了这种语言。
②He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。
③But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。
§249 leave sw/ leave for sw
Ⅰ. Leave的意思是“离开”,既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
①He left Rome. 他离开了罗马。
②It’s time for us to leave. 我们该走了。
Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是“前往”,指离开某地去另一地,for 后面跟表示目的地的地点名词。
①He left for Rome. 他动身去了罗马。
②The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane. 代表团乘飞机前往广州。
§250 leave/ fet
Ⅰ. 这二个词都有“忘记”的意思。但leave 表示“忘了带……”; “把……落在某个地方了”,后面有地点状语。
fet + 如:
①I left my handbag in the office.我把手提包落在办公室了。
②We often see Mr. Gates standing outside his own house because he often leaves the key in the house.我们经常看到盖茨先生站在他自家门外,因为他常把钥匙忘在家里。
③I have never fotten my family’s birthdays.我从没忘记过家人的生日。
Ⅱ. 还有“离开、留下;使处于……状态; 听任”的意思。如:
①In 1933, Einstein and his family left Europe for USA.1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去了美国。
②Jim left a message on the puter to you just now. 刚才吉姆在电脑上给你留言了。
③They went into the café, leaving the car unlocked. 他们没锁车,走进了咖啡厅。
[谚语]:Never leave today’s work until tomorrow. 今天的事今天做。

§251 lift/ raise
Ⅰ. lift “举起、提起、抬起”常常表举(提、抬)起某物时需要费些力气。如:
①This is too heavy for me to lift. 这太重了,我举不起。
②He lifted a pail of water from the ground. 他把一桶水从地上提了起来。
Ⅱ. raise “举起、抬起”着重指使某物竖立起来。如:
①Those who are ready, please raise your hand. 准备好的人,请举手。
②He raised his head. 他抬起了头。
§252 like/ love/ be fond of
Ⅰ. like “喜欢、喜爱”与dislike相对。是本组词中语意最弱的词。如:
①I like the poem. 我喜欢这首诗。
②I don’t like smoking. 我不喜欢抽烟。
Ⅱ. love “爱、热爱”与hate相对。带有强烈的感情,是本组词中语意最强的词。如:
①We love our socialist motherland. 我们热爱我们的社会主义祖国。
②I like her , but I don’t love her. 我喜欢她,但并不爱她。
Ⅲ. be fond of “喜欢、爱好”,语意比like强,但比love弱。其后不能接不定式。如:
①He is fond of music. 他爱好音乐。
②I am fond of reading. 我喜欢读书。
③He is very fond of his mother. 他很喜欢他的母亲。
[注]:prefer “比起……更喜欢……”,其比较对象通常用在介词to 后。如:
Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?
I prefer tea to coffee. 茶和咖啡,你喜欢哪? 比起咖啡来我更喜欢茶。

§253 little/ small
Ⅰ. little “小的”与big 和great 相对,表本身小,不含比一般小的意味。用这个词时,往往带有感情色彩。如:
①What a pretty little house! 一所多漂亮的小房子!
②I want the little box, not the big one. 我要小箱子,不要大的。
[说明]:little指人时,表和成年人相比,个子小年龄也小。
Ⅱ. small “小的”与large 相对,它常与little 通用。但多指,就一般标准而言比较小的东西,不带感情色彩。如;
①The boy is small for his age. 就年龄来说,这男孩的个子小了些。
②He lives in a small room. 他住在一个小房间里。
§254 like / as
Ⅰ. like 用于比较或比喻,表示“像……一样”。
①Sometimes he behaves like a fool. 有时他的行为举止像个傻瓜。
②I beg you not to say anything like that to my parents. 我恳求你不要对我的父母说那样的话。
Ⅱ. as 则表示某人或某事实际上具有as后面所描写的特征或身份,此时as当“作为;当作”解。如:
①He works as a gardener. 他的工作是个园丁。
②Originally, our house was used as a hotel. 原先我们的房子是作旅馆用的。
Ⅲ. 另外一点要提及的是as可用作连词,后面接句子;like在正规英语中不能用作连词。如:
①When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (谚) 入国问禁,入乡随俗。
§255 look/ look at/ notice/ see/ watch / read / gaze.
Ⅰ. look “看”强调看的动作,指有意思地看,是不及物动词。接宾语时用介词at 即:look at.如:
①Look, what’s the boy doing? He is looking at the picture.
Ⅱ. see 强调“看”的结果。指视力。如:
①He looked at the blackbord but he didn’t see nothing.
Ⅲ. notice 是指用眼睛或其它感官或感觉去“注意到”;“看到”
①I noticed that he came early,我注意到他来得很早。
②I noticed him enter(ing) the office. 我看到他走进了(正在走进)办公室。
Ⅳ. watch 强调“观看”其行为动作,跟踪其运动着的目标。含有“监视”之意。如:
watch TV / a game /a play /sb. 看电视 / 比赛 / 戏曲/某人
Ⅴ, read 指“看书、报、杂志等”, 指用大脑去思考,含有阅读之意。如:
①He is reading a book.

§256 look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up
Ⅰ. look “看”指看的意识,强调看的行为动作。是不及物动词。不能直接接宾语。如:
①Look, they are playing on the playground.
Ⅱ. look for “寻找”指有目的地找。强调“寻找”这一动作。
①What are you looking for? 你在找什么?
Ⅲ. find “找到、发现”指经过一番努力后“找到”丢失的人或东西。强调“找”的结果。如:
①I can’t find my pen. 我找不到我的钢笔了。
②The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him. 这个可怜的老奶奶在找她的小儿子,我希望她能找到他。
Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”用着及物动词短语,常表达找出答案,弄明真相,查明情况等意思。如:
①Please find out when the train leaves.请查一下火车什么时候离站。
Ⅴ. look up “向上看;查字典”如:
①She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky.
②You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it.

§257 what’s …like?/ How’s …?
Ⅰ. What’s …like? “询问某人或事物的持久的特性、特征, 如相貌等。 如:
① ---What’s your elder sister like? ---She’s a kind and humorous woman. 你姐是怎样一个人? 她是一个既和善又幽默的女人。
② ---What’s your father like? ---He is tall and fat. 你父亲长得怎么样? 他又高又胖。
③ ---What’s the spring in the north like? ---It’s usually very windy and dry. 北方的春天怎么样? 通常风很大而且干燥。
Ⅱ. How’s …? 用来询问暂时 的情况,或对经历过事的感受,或问候别人的健康。如:
① --How’s your study these days? --Very well. Thank you. 近来的学习情况怎样? 很好, 谢谢。
② How was the film last night? Great! 昨晚的电影怎么样? 好极了!
③How is your sister? She’s very well. 你姐好吗(身体怎样)? 她很好。
[注意]:下面两句子的含义是不一样的。
①How was the film? 这电影怎样?
②What was the film like? 这电影讲什么?(请对方对电影作一番描述或评论)